From card: "Carved."Marked on paddles: Yakutat. Identified as Eskimo on catalogue card but appear more Northwest Coast style? Yakutat is home to a number of Tlingit people. Catalogue card identifies locality as Jackson (i.e Howkan), Alaska. Howkan was originally a Tlingit village, but later became a Kaigani Haida village sometime in the early eighteenth century.

CARVED WOODEN MASK OF A HUMAN FACE WITH A METAL RING THROUGH THE SEPTUM AND A NAIL PROTRUDING THROUGH THE LOWER LIP. THE HAIR & EYEBROWS ARE PAINTED BLACK, & THERE IS A BLACK BORDER AROUND THE CHIN. THERE ARE ALSO SOME RED LINES ACROSS THE NOSE AND BROW. MARKS: "THE WOMEN OF A TRIBE NEAR FORT SIMPSON ON THE NW COAST OF AMERICA; LAT. 54°, 30." COLLECTOR CAPTAIN MCNEAL, HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY. PUBLICATION: "MAGNIFICENT VOYAGERS," BY VIOLA & MARGOLIS, 1985, ILLUS. P. 141. EXHIBITED MAGNIFICENT VOYAGERS, NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURALHISTORY, 1985-86. EXHIBITED SITES "MAGNIFICENT VOYAGERS,"1987-89.Provenience note, in 1841 Oregon Territory encompassed the land from Russian Alaska to Spanish California and from the Pacific to the Continental Divide. The U.S. Exploring Expedition did not go to Canada, but did reach Oregon Territory in 1841, and carried out a hydrographic survey of the Columbia River from its mouth to the Cascades, as well as doing some surveying inland.They had dealings with Hudson's Bay Company staff during that time, and it is probable that the HBC is the source of a number of the Northwest Coast artifacts collected by the expedition.FROM CARD: "INSCRIBED ON THE FRONT "THE WOMEN OF A TRIBE NEAR FORT SIMPSON ON THE NW COAST OF AMERICA; LAT. 54° 30"."ILLUS. FIG. 33, P.59, DISCUSSED P. 58, IN DOWN FROM THE SHIMMERING SKY BY PETER MACNAIR, VANCOUVER ART GALLERY, 1998. IDENTIFIED THERE BY PETER MACNAIR AS MASK REPRESENTING YOUNG WOMAN WITH NOSE RING, KAIGANI HAIDA."Captain McNeal" of the Hudson's Bay Company may refer to William Henry McNeill, who did meet Wilkes/the U.S. Exploring Expedition in 1841. At the time of the expedition McNeill was Captain of the Hudson's Bay Company vessel S.S. Beaver, the first steamship on the Pacific coast,

FROM CARD: "SECTION OF TREE TRUNK, HOLLOWED OUT IN THE BACK, WITH 3 CONTRASTING SURFACES, THE NATURAL, WITH BLACK AND MEDIUM RED USED TO ACCENTUATE PARTS OF THE FIGURES. THIS POLE HAS BEEN REPRODUCED BY ALVA STUDIOS, NEW YORK, FOR SALE. LENT TO THE MUSEO NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGIA, MAY 18, 1964." Loan returned 2012.Information from Robin K. Wright, Burke Museum, 4-12-2012: I believe the model pole is Kaigani Haida, and am thinking it might have been carved by Dwight Wallace (or possibly John Wallace). I think it's a model based on one of corner posts of Duncan Ginaawaan's house in Klinkwan, AK, pictured in my book Northern Haida Master Carvers. It has a bear instead of the humanoid bear holding what I think is the woman in the moon, but the other bear figures and squared ears, and especially portrait-like woman below are very similar. John Wallace later copied this pole full sized for the Hydaburg Totem Park as part of the CCC project.

From card: "Old Kasaan, east coast, Prince of Wales Id., s.e. Alaska. Stood in front of "furthest forward house," K!atE-nE (K!at-nes, " front house") owner, Nesteu or Nastao, erected c. 1877. Totems from top down: two cloud-hatted watchers of high rank; head of bearded man, Nenki'lslas "Great One in the Sea"; eagle; killerwhale woman, with labret, tail turns up in front of pole; killerwhale, the face between his ears said to be his fin (informant Fannie Jones called this a shark "k!at, not the killerwhale). Literature: M. Barbeau: "Totem Poles, vol. II, p. 575. A.P. Niblack "The Coast Indians ... Rept. U.S.N.M., 1888. 6/12/68 - Many additional views of this specimen in the field are available in the SOA Archives [National Anthropological Archives]. GP"Catalogue card lists a number of (old) black and white photo negative numbers for this artifact, however as of 2019 Smithsonian Institution Archives Photo Services could not locate any of these negatives in their files, and the Department of Anthropology does not have any prints made from these negatives in their files.

MASK OF WOMAN'S FACE WITH LABRET. EARS CARVED IN BACKWARD "B" SHAPE. EYEBROWS AND HAIR PAINTED BLACK, AND A BLACK BORDER AROUND THE CHEEKS AND CHIN. RED STRIPES ACROSS THE CHEEKS, FOREHEAD, MOUTH AND CHIN. MARKS: WRITTEN ON MASK, "THE WOMEN OF A TRIBE NEAR FORT SIMPSON ON THE NW COAST OF AMERICA; LAT. 54° 30'. COLLECTOR CAPTAIN MCNEAL, HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY. SEE PORTRAIT MASKS FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST OF AMERICA, J.C.H. KING, P. 56 (KING IDENTIFIES AS POSSIBLY HAIDA). "MAGNIFICENT VOYAGERS," BY VIOLA & MARGOLIS, 1985, ILLUS. P. 141. IT APPEARS THAT THE RED PAINTED LINES ON THE FOREHEAD & CHEEKS HAVE BEEN REPAINTED SINCE CATALOGUED - SINCE THE LATITUDE AND DESCRIPTION APPEAR TO BE WRITTEN BENEATH THEM. EXHIBITED MAGNIFICENT VOYAGERS, NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, 1985-86. EXHIBITED SITES "MAGNIFICENT VOYAGERS," 1987-89.Provenience note, in 1841 Oregon Territory encompassed the land from Russian Alaska to Spanish California and from the Pacific to the Continental Divide. The U.S. Exploring Expedition did not go to Canada, but did reach Oregon Territory in 1841, and carried out a hydrographic survey of the Columbia River from its mouth to the Cascades, as well as doing some surveying inland.They had dealings with Hudson's Bay Company staff during that time, and it is probable that the HBC is the source of a number of the Northwest Coast artifacts collected by the expedition.FROM CARD: "FACIAL PAINTING IN RED; BLACK PAINTED EYEBROWS AND HAIR. Inscribed on forehead: "the women of a tribe near Fort Simpson on the NW Coast of America; lat. 54° 30'. ORIGINAL NUMBER IS EITHER 302 OR 303 IN THE PEALE CATALOG."ILLUS. FIG. 34, P. 59, DISCUSSED P. 58, IN DOWN FROM THE SHIMMERING SKY BY PETER MACNAIR, VANCOUVER ART GALLERY, 1998. IDENTIFIED THERE BY PETER MACNAIR AS MASK REPRESENTING WOMAN WITH LABRET, KAIGANI HAIDA.Illus. Fig. 66, p. 173, and described on p. 172 in Penney, David W. 2012. The American Indian: art & culture between myth & reality. Amsterdam: Museumshop De Nieuwe Kerk: "Mask, Haida, before 1840. This and a small group of additional masks and headdresses were made by an unknown Haida carver active before 1840 when they were purchased that year by the United States Exploring Expedition commanded by Lt. Charles Wilkes from Hudson's Bay Company Employees he met in what is now Oregon. For some time, scholars had confused these masks with the work of the so-called 'Jenna Master' due to the similarity of their style and the fact that they both created masks representing Haida women with large labrets. Close comparison of the masks and analysis of the historical record indicates that the Jenna master did not make the Wilkes masks and was most likely a generation older. Haida Gwaii had been frequented by whalers, traders in sea otter pelts, and other outsiders in the burgeoning trans-Pacific trade since the late 18th century and the earliest masks and carvings in museum collections today were purchased by these early visitors. Chiefs would have been reluctant to sell their ceremonial possessions so evidently carvers responded to those who desired to purchase masks and regalia by making carvings to sell or trade.""Captain McNeal" of the Hudson's Bay Company may refer to William Henry McNeill, who did meet Wilkes/the U.S. Exploring Expedition in 1841. At the time of the expedition McNeill was Captain of the Hudson's Bay Company vessel S.S. Beaver, the first steamship on the Pacific coast,Illus. Fig. 52, p. 57 in King, J. C. H. 1979. Portrait masks from the Northwest Coast of America. [New York]: Thames and Hudson. Identified there (p. 56) as: "Haida (?) mask of a woman wearing a labret. ... An inscription on the forehead ... says that it came from near Fort Simpson in Tsimshian territory, c. 1825-50 [mask was collected 1841]."

Note: Locality and cultural identification in Anthropology ledger book and catalogue card list this as Haida, Cusarn Bay, Prince of Wales Archipelago, Scowallis [sic] Tribe. It may be speculated that this is actually [Chief] Skowal's [a.k.a. Skowl] tribe, Kasaan?

Appears to be a halibut hook and line? Carved arm of hook is carved in the form of a halibut. Note: Cultural and locality identification in Anthropology catalogue card and ledger book lists this as Scowallis [sic] Tribe of Haida Indians, Prince of Wales Archipelago. It may be speculated that "Scowallis Tribe" is actually [Chief] Skowal's [a.k.a. Skowl] tribe, i.e. Kasaan or Howkan?

FROM CARD: "$10.00. THE BEAR, BEAVER & OWL." SWAN'S ORIGINAL HANDWRITTEN LIST IN ACCESSION RECORD IDENTIFIES THIS OBJECT AS "CARVED TOTEMIC COLUMN. THE BEAR, BEAVER AND OWL. IN FRONT OF CHIEFS HOUSE, KLEMMAKOAN, PRINCE OF WALES ARCHIPELAGO, ALASKA - KYGANI BRANCH OF THE HAIDA FAMILY OF QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, B.C." KLEMMAKOAN (THE NAME SWAN USED FOR KLINKWAN) WAS MISTRANSCRIBED IN TYPED ACCESSION LIST AND IN ANTHROPOLOGY CATALOGUE LEDGER BOOK AS BLEMMAKOAN. - F. PICKERING 6-23-1999

FROM CARD: "54297-54300. 54298 - H. 30 FT. ELEVATOR LOBBY. FLOOR 1. FROM CARD: "AFTER AN EXTENSIVE SURVEY OF THE TOTEM POLES IN THE USNM COLLECTIONS, IT SEEMS LIKELY THAT THIS SPECIMEN IS ONE OF THE TWO SHORTER POLES PRESENTLY ERECTED IN THE OLD ART HALL. THIS SPECIMEN IS, THEN, ESSENTIALLY IN AGREEMENT WITH THE CATALOG BOOK. *THE SPECIMEN WAS PROBABLY COLLECTED FOR THE PHILADELPHIA EXPOSITION OF 1876, ALTHOUGH THIS CANNOT BE VERIFIED TO DATE. THE ORIGINAL (1882) ATTRIBUTION OF HAIDA HAS NOT BEEN CONTESTED TO DATE. 6/6/68 GP. *A SUBSEQUENT EXAMINATION OF PHILADELPHIA EXPOSITION PHOTOS POSSIBLY REVEALS A PORTION OF THE BASE OF THIS SPECIMEN.GP. PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN OF THIS TOTEM POLE IN SECTIONS. NEG. NO. MNH 2337; 2338; 2346; 2347; 2349. 11-6-75. LOANED TO 1876 - CENTENNIAL EXHIBIT, A&I.-LEFT POLE. LOAN RETURNED SEP 1990. 1990-THIS POLE ON EXHIBIT IN NHB CONSTITUTION AVE. LOBBY STAIRWELL-LEFT POLE. 1991 - EXHIBIT LABEL IDENTIFIES POLE AS RED CEDAR (THUJA PLICATA), TSIMSHIAN, CARVED AT K'SAN, BRITISH COLUMBIA, COMMISSIONED FOR 1876 PHILADELPHIA EXPOSITION. CARVINGS ARE IDENTIFIED AS (FROM TOP): POSSIBLE WOLF; UNKNOWN; BEAR MOTHER WITH CUB; BEAR MOTHER WITH CUB. AS OF 1994 THIS HAS BEEN RELABELLED AS HAIDA IN EXHIBIT LABEL.From 2009 exhibit labels: Pole is identified as carved from Western red cedar (Thuja plicata). Haida totem pole, carved at Kasaan, Alaska. This pole was commissioned in 1876 [sic, should be 1875] for the Philadelphia Exposition. Crests, from top: Possible wolf, unknown, Bear Mother with cub, Bear Mother with cub. A separate label for the pole tells the story of the Bear Mother, and identifies the lowest crest on the pole again as a crest of Bear Mother holding one of her cubs. It also identifies the pole as carved at Kasaan, Alaska in 1875; commissioned for the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876. "Story of Bear Mother. Bear spirits captured a young girl gathering berries. After turning her into a bear, they forced her to marry one. She gave birth to twin cubs - half human, half bear. The girl's brothers rescued her by killing the bear husband. Before dying, he taught his wife ritual songs. Bear Mother's children and brothers became skilled bear hunters. They and their descendants always sang ritual songs over bears they killed."See the letter in the Smithsonian Institution Archives from James G. Swan to Spencer Baird, written at Port Townsend, Washington Territory, and dated November 5, 1875, where Swan notes: "Another [totem pole] has been carved expressly for me at Kazaan [Kasaan], Alaska and will be brought here by the Steamer to arrive Dec. 1st."Illus. Fig. 4.33, p. 208, and discussed p. 206-208 of Wright, Robin Kathleen. 2001. Northern Haida master carvers. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Wright identifies as "Pole commissioned by James G. Swan through Charles Baronovich for the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, 1876 ... possibly was carved by Dwight Wallace." [Dwight Wallace (gid k'waajuss) of Klinkwan.] See pp. 121 - 126 in Jonaitis, Aldona, and Aaron Glass. 2010. The totem pole: an intercultural history. Seattle: University of Washington Press. See especially "The Swan Pole" by Robin Wright, on pp. 124 - 125. Wright notes "The first known person to commission a full-size pole for an outside audience was James G. Swan, on his Centennial Exposition collecting trip to Alaska in 1875. Having failed to purchase an existing pole on his trip [Swan] wrote a letter on July 15 [1875] to the trader Charles Baranovich, who had a store at Karla Bay that he had visited near the village of Kasaan .... In the letter, Swan ordered a new pole to be carved and sent to him at Port Townsend. ... It tells the story of Ku.l qe, who had an encounter with land otters. This is the same story recorded on a pole carved by Dwight Wallace for Kusqwa'i, John Wallace's mother's brother, that once stood in the village of Sukkwan. ... It is likely, given both the story and the similarity in carving styles, that Dwight Wallace was the carver commissioned by Baranovich to carve the pole for Swan. ... His son, John Wallace, would have been about fifteen years old at the time of this commission, and may have assisted his father. John Wallace also carved a copy of this pole in 1941 for Mud Bight Park north of Ketchikan...."This pole appears to be the one on the left in engraving shown on p. 100 and captioned "The Indian Department, in the United States Government Building", in Norton, Frank H., and Frank Leslie. 1877. Frank Leslie's historical register of the United States Centennial Exposition, 1876. Embellished with nearly eight hundred illustrations drawn expressly for this work by the most eminent artists in America. Including illustrations and descriptions of all previous International exhibitions. New York: Frank Leslie's Pub. House. The pole or house post on the right in the same engraving appears to be E54301. The Library of Congress has a copy of this engraving and a thumbnail image is shown on their website here: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2005689180/ .A photo of this pole on display at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 is in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution Archives: Photo ID 90-7265, Smithsonian Institution Archives, Record Unit 95, Box 61, Folder: 5, https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_8250 . Pole partially visible in back left of photo.