Description

A necklace of 187 red and white beads. The lower beads are in groups of five (2 white, 1 red and 2 white) with a beaver strung at each fifth bead. There are six beavers on each side. At the base is a Lorraine cross. Completing the necklace on each side is a two-white and two-red bead pattern. Maker’s mark stamped on the beavers. Further stamp on the base of the cross.

History Of Use

Silver ornaments represent an important part of early exchange between Europeans, including fur traders, and First Nations peoples, especially in eastern and central Canada and the U.S.A. Initially, the main source of silver was British, French and Spanish coins. Most ornaments were produced by silversmiths of European origin in North America and Europe, and were actively traded only from 1760 to 1821. By the mid-18th century silver objects were produced in New England, Quebec and Montreal. Silver was used by First Nations peoples as a sign of rank. Silver ornaments in these styles continue to be produced by native silversmiths in central Canada and the U.S.A.

The cross was the oldest form of trade silver, introduced by French missionaries to North America for presentation to converts. Crosses were later used as trade silver with no religious connotations. They circulated well into the 19th century and were worn on the chest. The Lorraine cross has double bars.

Animal imagery is a significant part of Woodland First Nations tradition, but no documented instance has been found of the use of animal effigies in trade. The place of effigies in Woodlands culture is not known.

Cultural Context

trade; personal decoration; status