Description

A necklace of 88 white glass beads and 12 green beads strung on wire. There is a large Latin cross with cloverleaf terminals, a sunburst engraved in the centre and zigzag engraving on the border. Two solid beavers hang on each side of the cross. Maker’s mark stamped on cross and beavers.

History Of Use

Silver ornaments represent an important part of early exchange between Europeans, including fur traders, and First Nations peoples, especially in eastern and central Canada and the U.S.A. Initially, the main source of silver was British, French and Spanish coins. Most ornaments were produced by silversmiths of European origin in North America and Europe, and were actively traded only from 1760 to 1821. By the mid-18th century silver objects were produced in New England, Quebec and Montreal. Silver was used by First Nations peoples as a sign of rank. Silver ornaments in these styles continue to be produced by native silversmiths in central Canada and the U.S.A.

Animal imagery is a significant part of Woodland First Nations tradition, but no documented instance has been found of the use of animal effigies in trade. The place of effigies in Woodlands culture is not known.

The cross was the oldest form of trade silver, introduced by French missionaries to North America for presentation to converts. Crosses were later used as trade silver with no religious connotations. They circulated well into the 19th century and were worn on the chest. The Latin cross has a single bar.

Specific Techniques

Rocker engraving is a freehand technique. Irregularity is characteristic.

Cultural Context

trade; personal decoration; status