Copper-breaking Figure Item Number: A7878 from the MOA: University of British Columbia
Description
Copper-breaking stand, or figure, in the form of a bear. The bear is carved in a crouched position, holding a human face mask in its front paws, with bared teeth. There is an iron platform on top of its head. Painted red, green, white, black and brown. All the teeth and claws are painted white, including the teeth of the mask.
History Of Use
This heavy figure of a crouching grizzly bear was carved to serve as a platform on which to ceremonially break a t̕łaḵwa, or copper -- a shield-shaped sheet of beaten copper often representing great wealth -- as a challenging gesture toward rival chiefs. The bear has a steel plate bolted onto the top of its head for this purpose, but whether it was actually used in a copper breaking is no longer known. A Kwakwaka’wakw chief would display his coppers at a potlatch his family is hosting; such coppers would each have their own name and history. In the 19th and early-20th centuries, coppers were also a kind of banking system. Occasionally, a copper breaking would take place: as William Wasden, Jr., explains, “If I insult you, you quickly give me a piece of a valuable copper; I’ll have to get a copper of equal value to break it back in order to say that my words are valid or that I’m not intimidated.”
Iconographic Meaning
Represents grizzly bear.
Narrative
Before Scow family members sold this figure in 1961 (from Ernie Scow to Mayer of Muse Antiques?), it belonged to Kwikwasut̕inexw hereditary chief Peter Scow of Gilford Island. It is said to have been carved by Gayusdi’salas (Herbert Johnson), head hereditary Haxwa’mis chief of Wakeman Sound. The Haxwa’mis and the Kwikwasut̕inexw (Gilford Island) are two of the four Kwakwaka’wakw groups that make up the Musgamakw Dzawada’enuxw people; the others are the Dzawada’enuxw (Kingcome Inlet) and the Gwawa’enuxw (Hopetown). Johnson lived and worked at Gwa’yi, Kingcome Village. In Feb. 2018, the figure was loaned to the Scow family for the potlach in Alert Bay, celebrating Xamag̱a̱me' Gig̱a̱me' K̓odalagi̱lis [Xamag̱a̱me' Gig̱a̱me' K̓odalagi̱lis, Byron Alfred - Kwikwasut̕inexw.
Item History
- Made by Herbert Johnson (Maker) in British Columbia, Canada between 1920 and 1940
- Collected in Gilford Island, British Columbia, Canada and Gwa'yasdam's, British Columbia, Canada during 1961
- Owned by Peter Scow
- Owned by Muse Antiques & Art Galleries before November 16, 1961
- Received from H. R. MacMillan (Funding source) and Muse Antiques & Art Galleries (Seller) on November 16, 1961
What
Who
- Culture
- Kwakwaka'wakw
- Creator
- Herbert Johnson (Maker)
- Previous Owner
- Peter Scow and Muse Antiques & Art Galleries
- Received from
- H. R. MacMillan (Funding source) and Muse Antiques & Art Galleries (Seller)
Where
- Holding Institution
- MOA: University of British Columbia
- Made in
- British Columbia, Canada
- Collected in
- Gilford Island, British Columbia, Canada and Gwa'yasdam's, British Columbia, Canada
When
- Creation Date
- between 1920 and 1940
- Collection Date
- during 1961
- Ownership Date
- before November 16, 1961
- Acquisition Date
- on November 16, 1961
Other
- Item Classes
- carvings & sculpture
- Condition
- fair
- Current Location
- Case 41
- Accession Number
- 0066/0003