ID Number

Title

Item Name

Culture

Material

Manufacturing Technique

Date Made

Place Made

Date Collected

Collector

Date Owned

Owner

Owner

Acquisition Date

Source

Source

Measurements

Item Classes

Condition

Accession Number

Description

Rusty iron harrow with nine prongs and two hand-cut wooden handles (removable - parts b-c) curving downwards from the tines; a large, horizontal wooden handle is held by two vertical iron supports rising from the tines.

Narrative

Mrs. Ng donated this harrow to the Museum of Anthropology because she was elderly and had just given up rice agriculture, especially as she was demoralized by a house fire that had burned her stored crop.. In 1980, the remote villages of Sai Kung District were inhabited primarily by elderly people who were unable or unwilling to emigrate with their family members and depended on small-scale farming and hoped-for remittances. Mrs. Ng said that she had learned to plough when she was about 20 years old, as soon as she was strong enough, learning from her parents. Hakka people are one of the two original land-dwelling groups that settled the area that became the New Territories of Hong Kong. Their spoken language, and some customs, differed from those of the other original group, the Cantonese or Punti. The Cantonese arrived first and settled on the best rice-growing lands, while the Hakka began to arrive after the late 17th century and settled the more hilly lands.

Cultural Context

agriculture

History Of Use

Such harrows were in common use, being employed primarily by women but occasionally by men. They were used to harrow the rice fields after they had been flooded, to break up the clumps of soil. In Saikung the terrain is hilly and the fields were small. This meant, also, that the ploughs and harrows were pulled by cows rather than the water buffalo that were used in the much larger flat paddy fields on the other side of the New Territories, which were much more productive. Until the 1960s Hakka women had primary responsibility for subsistence farming, as the men often worked elsewhere, or at occupations such as fishing. Many women learned how to handle a cow and to plough and harrow, and they did this work regularly, despite the fact that they may have been pregnant or have had small children. Harrowing was done by two women working together, one guiding the cow and the other holding the harrow. Harrows were purchased, and made by specialists, although the handles may have been made or replaced as necessary by their owners. Saikung was a poor area in which people depended on the gathering of marine resources as well as farming. In the remote areas of Saikung, by the mid-twentieth century younger men often emigrated to urban areas of Hong Kong or overseas, to England or elsewhere, to try to make a living. In such cases any women left behind had to continue subsistence agriculture as well as depending on hoped-for remittances. After the mid-twentieth century the New Territories of Hong Kong began to undergo fundamental changes. The people who had been settled there before 1898, when the British colonizers claimed the area, began to give up rice agriculture and coastal fishing, turning instead to wage labour and increased employment overseas. By the end of the century, educational opportunities leading to the possibility of white-collar work also increased, together with western influences. These changes meant that objects and clothing once useful and appropriate were no longer needed and generally were discarded. Some were saved by their owners, who sometimes were willing to donate them to museums, sharing, also, their knowledge of how they were made and used.