FROM CARD: "[Formerly] ON EXHIBIT IN NHB HALL 9, IDENTIFIED THERE AS CENTRAL ALGONKIAN. LEDGER LISTS NO PEOPLE OR LOCALITY INFORMATION." Thunderbird design. Northwest Coast location/attribution on catalogue card is in error, if this is indeed Central Algonkian.

FROM CARD: "HNDBK. N. AMER. IND., VOL. 7, NORTHWEST COAST, FIG. 4E, PG. 539." BOWL ORIGINALLY CATALOGUED AS WOODEN BUT HANDBOOK IDENTIFIES AS MOUNTAIN SHEEP HORN. BOWL APPEARS TO BE OF WASCO/WISHRAM MANUFACTURE. - STEVEN L. GRAFE 1997Pamela Cardenas, Shayleen Macy and Valerie Switzler of the Wasco delegation from the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs made these comments during the Recovering Voices Community Research Visit Aug 31-Sept 4, 2015. For the Wasco, the cup or bowl is the center of the culture, it is what our stories are based off. Our creation stories are based off coming out of a spring that was shaped like a bowl. These objects are unique to our tribe because it represents us. We don't differentiate between a cup, ladle/spoon, or bowl. Shayleen noted that it is interesting how the Wasco don't make the designs anymore, the simple zigzags, triangles and chevrons. This horn bowl work hasn't been carried into the contemporary. You used to see these all around, everyone had them, but not anymore. Mountain sheep is 'kakwiq' or 'kakwik' in Kiksht. There are still mountain sheep around, they live in the mountains along the Columbia River, but that's not where our reservation is. You can see the sheep from the mountains, we can hunt them because it is ceded land. Our ceded land runs from Mount Hood to Multnomah Falls. Kiksht is the language of the Wasco tribe.

FROM CARD: "ROBE WOVEN OF STRIPS OF FUR. COMPOSED OF STRIPS OF FUR SKIN TWINED TOGETHER WITH CORDS OF CEDAR BARK FORMING A LOOSE AND FLIMSY TEXTURE WORN OVER THE SHOULDERS OR AROUND THE LOINS. WIDTH, 30", LENGTH, 41". *LABEL READS: "SALISH INDIANS, WASHINGTON; COLLECTED BY CAPT. CHARLES WILKES, U. S. NAVY."See p. 83 in Salish Weaving by Paula Gustafson, University of Washington Press, 1980. Gustafson says that the FBI did a scientific analysis of some of the hair fibers from this blanket for her, and that the analysis indicated that the hair most closely resembled that of the coyote. The Anthropology Dept. does not have a copy of this FBI analysis in its files, and Gustafson (who is now deceased), could not locate it in her files when contacted in 2005. Additional sampling/analysis was done on the hair of this blanket in 2004. The strips of skin/fur that make up this textile were identified as including both coyote and Salish wool or woolly dog (see Anthropology Conservation Lab sampling file "Loychuk 2004.").There is some question as to who the collector/donor of this artifact was. It has been possibly attributed to the Wilkes/U.S. Exploring Expedition on the catalogue card, but Jane Walsh questions that attribution. Wilkes attribution is indeed questionable, as no Peale number has yet been identified for this piece. Some other possible donors would be the National Institute or George Gibbs? Donor is blank in original Anthropology catalogue ledger book. Object was entered into the Anthropology catalogue ledger book in December 1866. Per Liz Hammond-Kaarremaa, 2023, see also list of artifacts in George Gibbs Notebooks of Scientific Observations of the Pacific Northwest. Western Americana Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, WA MSS S-1810, notebook "Washington Territory Miscellaneous, Chiefly Natural History [ca. 1857]," Box 1, Folder 3, page image 41r https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/14462281?child_oid=14462872 and page image 63v https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/14462281?child_oid=14462917Reference: Solazzo, C., S. Heald, M.W. Ballard, D.A. Ashford, P.T. DePriest, R.J. Koestler, and M. Collins. 2011. Proteomics and Coast Salish blankets: A tale of shaggy dogs? Antiquity 85: 1418-1432. http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/085/ant0851418.htm . Identified there as a fur robe - strips of Salish wool or woolly dog fur pelt held together with cedar bark cordage; alternating rows of brown and yellow to white fur; both coarse guard hair and fine under hair are present. The differing hair lengths and colors suggest that more than one dog was used in the robe's construction.

FRONT-PIECE FOR HEADDRESS. A FLAT PIECE OF WOOD CARVED AND PAINTED IN REPRESENTATION OF A HUMAN FIGURE. WORN IN CEREMONIAL DANCES.

FROM CARD: "SCALE OF MODEL 1 INCH EQUALS 1 FOOT: SIZE OF ORIGINAL: 36' L.,25" D., PADDLES 8'9" TO 9'9" L. ILLUS.: HNDBK. N. AMER. IND., VOL.7, NORTHWEST COAST, FIG. 6, PG. 245. REFER: COLLIN'S MS. P. 918. USNM. BULL.127, P.221, FIG.67." Handbook of North American Indians photo caption identifies as a model of a Northern canoe. Model has a mast.It may be presumed that this object was probably collected by George Gibbs during his time on the Northwest Boundary Survey, 1857-1860?Canoe model appears in Smithsonian Arctic Studies Center Alaska Native Collections: Sharing Knowledge website, by Aron Crowell, entry on artfact http://alaska.si.edu/record.asp?id=1 , retrieved 6-24-2012.

FROM CARD: "DEPOSITED."

FROM CARD: "REPRODUCED: KREIGER, S.I. A.R. 1928, PL. 10 UNDER NUMBER 1891, COLLECTED BY LT. G.K. WARREN. THIS IS INCORRECT. CAT.#1891B IS A NAVAJO BLANKET WHICH WAS ONE OF TWO COLLECTED BY WARREN AND IS REPRODUCED BY AMSDEN (1934), PL. 77. THIS SALISH BLANKET HAS BEEN GIVEN A TEMPORARY "A" NUMBER SUFFIX AT THIS TIME. IT MAY BE A WILKES PIECE - BUT DEFINITELY IS NOT A WARREN SPECIMEN. - B.G.S. (BARBARA STUCKENRATH). LENT TO THE BURKE MUSEUM, 2/23/89. LOAN RETURNED. OCT 10 1989."Illus. (under #1891) Fig. 30, p. 49 of Salish Weaving by Paula Gustafson, Univ. of Washington Press, 1980. Described on p. 124, cat. entry 78 of Gustafson as: "Fibres: Mountain goat hair. Colour: Dark blue, dark green, medium green, scarlet, rose, gold and natural white. Weave: Twine." Also described on p. 48 of Gustafson: "A good example of a Colonial Salish blanket ... The borders and sectioning of this blanket into horizontal panels is Classic design, but the insertion of a centred square composed of a diamond motif created by overlapping small squares is, I suggest, a direct result of the Salish weavers having seen and admired patchwork quilts."Per Chief Janice George, Squamish weaver, 2008, the wool in this textile includes some commercial yarn.Illus. Fig. 5.20, p. 92 in Brotherton, Barbara. 2008. S'abadeb = The gifts : Pacific Coast Salish arts and artists. Seattle: Seattle Art Museum in association with University of Washington Press. Figure caption notes: "Fully twined textiles of mountain goat wool, such as this one, were referred to as "nobility robes" because only high-status people had the means to commission them. The earliest twined robes ... [text references E2124, as an example] bore intricate combinations of geometric patterns ... created with plant and other natural dyes. ...By the mid-nineteenth century, bolder colors and patterns were employed, often with a central square in patterns contrasting with the sides, top, and bottom of the weaving."Reference: Solazzo, C., S. Heald, M.W. Ballard, D.A. Ashford, P.T. DePriest, R.J. Koestler, and M. Collins. 2011. Proteomics and Coast Salish blankets: A tale of shaggy dogs? Antiquity 85: 1418-1432. http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/085/ant0851418.htm . Identified there as a Colonial (1850 - 1900) blanket - weft Mountain goat hair and Salish wool or woolly dog hair; fringe Mountain goat hair.Jane Walsh speculates that the correct catalog number for this artifact may be E2125?, based on its resemblance to the blanket # E2124 (Peale # 312). This would make E1891A a Wilkes/U.S. Exploring Expedition piece. Jane has identified it, if it is a Wilkes piece, as possibly Peale # 313, which is described (as is Peale # 312) in the U.S. Exploring Expedition Peale catalogue as a blanket made of wool of the Rocky mountain sheep, by the natives of Puget sound, NW Coast of America.However, Wilkes collection ID for this object is uncertain. The Anthropology catalogue ledger book had listed G. K. Warren as possible donor, which is clearly wrong for this piece, though may be correct for a Southwest blanket now called 1891B. Donor is blank in original Anthropology catalogue ledger book for catalogue #s 1892-1895, some or all of which *may* possibly be related objects to 1891A? Some other possible donors would be the National Institute, John Varden, George Gibbs or Caleb Kennerly? Object was entered into the Anthropology catalogue ledger book in December 1866. Another possible source, if this is not the Wilkes piece, might be Dr. George Suckley? See p. 112 in Suckley, George, and J. G. Cooper. 1860, The natural history of Washington territory and Oregon: with much relating to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Utah, and California between the thirty-sixth and forty-ninth parallels of latitude : being those parts of the final reports on the survey of the Northern Pacific Railroad route, relating to the natural history of the regions explored, with full catalogues and descriptions of the plants and animals collected from 1853 to 1860, New York: Baillie're Bros.. http://www.archive.org/stream/naturalhistoryof00coop#page/112/mode/1up . Suckley and George Gibbs describe blankets made by the Clallam of wool dog hair intermixed with the ravellings of old English blankets to facilitate twisting with yarn. These are stretched on a frame and then interwoven, leaving a fringe (when finished) where the ends are separated. Suckley says that he sent to the Smithsonian one "dogs wool blanket," made of this type of material, though an entry for the Suckley blanket has not been located in the Smithsonian catalogues. Both the Gustafson and Solazzo references date this piece to 1850 or later, which would argue *against* it being a United States Exploring Expedition/Wilkes piece. If it is from Suckley, it may be part of Accession No. 126. Per Liz Hammond-Kaarremaa, 2023, see also list of artifacts in George Gibbs Notebooks of Scientific Observations of the Pacific Northwest. Western Americana Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, WA MSS S-1810, notebook "Washington Territory Miscellaneous, Chiefly Natural History [ca. 1857]," Box 1, Folder 3, page image 41r https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/14462281?child_oid=14462872.X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) testing was conducted on this textile in 2017. Arsenic was detected. The testing suggests this textile was treated with pesticides that contained arsenic. The testing indicates there are high levels of arsenic (1,000-10,000 ppm). Mercury was also detected. The testing suggests this textile was treated with pesticides that contained mercury. The testing indicates there are medium (300-1,000 ppm) to high levels of mercury. See Anthropology Conservation Lab records for the full report. This object should be handled with gloves. See the Department of Anthropology "Statement on Potential Hazards (Inherent and Acquired) Associated with Collection Objects" for more detailed handling guidelines.Illus. Fig. 35, p. 95 (detail), Fig. 36, p. 96 (detail), and Fig. 51, p. 117, in Tepper, Leslie Heymann, Janice George, and Willard Joseph. 2017. Salish Blankets: robes of protection and transformation, symbols of wealth. This blanket is also described and discussed pp. 117-121 in the publication.

FROM CARD: "DEPOSITED."

FROM CARD: "APRIL 1963 AN UNNUMBERED BUNDLE OF CEDARBARK WAS FOUND IN THE COLLECTION AND IT WAS MARKED AS ? THIS OR NO. 209924. PREPARED FOR USE. DEPOSITED."